According to Health Minister Siti Fadilah, even as much as 10 percent of children of school age 5-15 years old suffering from refraction and wearing glasses. “Though not all children are able to buy glasses,” said Minister of Health is looking positive social service programs like this.

Figures of blindness of 1.5 percent of Indonesia’s population is a social problem that can not be solved by government alone. “So I thank all parties who helped to reduce cataract patients. Blindness due to cataract could be overcome with the planting operation and the lens, so they will be able to look back,” said Minister of Health.

The event was a collaboration Kompas Gramedia, Indonesia Lions Foundation, Eye Specialist Doctors Association of Indonesia, the Day of Guo Ji Ri Bao and Mangga Dua Square Jakarta, and is supported by the Jakarta Eye Center, Eye Hospital Nusantara, RS Pondok Indah Jakarta, RS Mata Aini.

Help prevent

President Commissioner of Kompas Gramedia Oetama Jakob said, there are many cataract patients who need help. “We will help prevent blindness by asking the help of entrepreneurs,” said Jakob Oetama.

Jakob Oetama also cited a statement that a nation which developed because there is a concern, solidarity among all citizens. The task to overcome the problem of blindness due to cataract could not be simply done by the government, but the parties who feel called to provide assistance. In a plural society, social care can be a nation kinship.

“Kricikan (small shower) can be Grojogan (large shower). Starting from the small, grow, and become something extraordinary. I as one of the administrators Matahati express gratitude to the Minister of Health, although on Sundays still willing to attend,” said Jakob Oetama.

Campaigns and declaration Eye Health program is important for eye health and prevention and treatment of blindness has not become a priority in the maintenance of eye health. Moreover, the majority of those who have vision problems come from the less able.

For cataract patients, for example, many people less able to pay the USD $ 3-7 million for eye surgery. As a result of cataract patients can be cured every year, just 80,000 people, while over the years accumulated greater patient blindness.

Therefore, this social program is intended for those less able. They can do a free eye exam and register for cataract surgery.

Target until the end of the year 2008 can be operated on 5,000 people. Until yesterday had 450 patients enrolled, said the committee chairman Sularto Matahati St.

Starting September 2008, the action will proceed with the eyes cataract operations free of charge for the less fortunate in some hospitals. According to the Chairman of Expert Eye Doctors Association of Indonesia (Perdami) Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo, Perdami will put members in various regions and will conduct operations simultaneously in several cities.

“Technically we will arrange the schedule and the hospital. Because the target EYE HEART is a society that can not afford, we will conduct the registration and data collection through one door of the Lions Foundation of Indonesia,”
Operation is by a local anesthetic or drops, and without having to undergo hospitalization. Cloudy lens removed and replaced with artificial lenses that are permanently planted. Ophthalmologist perform this procedure by using high-tech equipment with operations fakoemulsifikasi technique (without stitches). The success rate of cataract surgery is high. More than 95% yield surgery vision correction if there is no interference with the cornea, retina, optic nerve or other eye problems. JEC using IOL Master instrument to improve the accuracy of the size of the lens used planting. Please note, although complications are rare, may occur during surgery or after surgery. If there is interference with the slightest eye after surgery, immediately contact the ophthalmologist. In most of the people who have undergone cataract surgery, the capsule or intraocular lens membrane which can be inserted cloudy.
Laser therapy is required to open this cloudy capsule, so that the vision became clear again. Conclusion Cataract is a common cause of vision loss, especially occur in elderly people can be overcome. Ophthalmologist can determine if cataracts or other problems that cause loss of vision, and whether surgery is needed to overcome the interference of cataracts.

Suggestion
Protect the eye until exposed to any cataracts can be bad for the eyes, because eyes are the most important part of the body. Although there remains the treatment we have to keep our eye. and do not forget that the eye is a god gift so keep your eyes.

Cataract is the pengkabutan of the lens in the eye that affects vision. Most cataracts associated with aging. Cataracts are very common in people older. At the age of 80 years, more than half of Americans have a cataract or cataract surgery has mepunyai.

Cataract can occur in one or both eyes. He can not spread from one eye to the other eye.
Definition lenses

The lens is the clear part of the eye that helps focus light, or images, on the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.

In a normal eye, light passing through the lens of a transparent (clear) to the retina. Once he reaches the retina, the light changed into nerve signals are sent to the brain.

The lens must be clear for the retina receive a sharp image. If the foggy lens of the cataract, the image you see will be blurred.

Type of Cataract
Cataract secondary. Cataracts can form after surgery for eye problems, such as glaucoma. Cataracts also can develop in people who have health problems, such as diabetes. Cataracts sometimes linked to steroid use.
Definition Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a disease of the main nerve of vision, called the optic nerve (optic nerve). Optic nerve receives light from the retina and transmit impulses to the brain that we feel as a vision. Glaucoma is classified (characterized) by a particular pattern of progressive damage to the optic nerve that generally begins with the loss of side vision (peripheral vision) is almost not noticeable. If glaucoma is not diagnosed and treated, she may progress to central vision loss and blindness.

Glaucoma generally, but not always, associated with increased pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure). In general, this increase in eye pressure that leads to damage of the eye nerve (optic). In some cases, glaucoma can occur in a normal eye pressure. Form of glaucoma is estimated to be caused by settings that are poor / weak from the blood flow to the optic nerve.

Glaucoma prevalence
Throughout the world, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness which can not be changed again. In fact, as many as 6 million individuals who are blind in both eyes from this disease. In America alone, according to one estimate, more than 3 million people have glaucoma. As many as half of individuals with glaucoma, however, may not know that they have this disease. The cause of their unconscious is that glaucoma initially causes no symptoms, and vision loss side (periphery) is almost not real.
Causes of Glaucoma
Increased pressure within the eye is the main factor that leads to glaucoma damage (glaucomatous damage) on the eye nerve (optic). Glaucoma with normal pressure inside the eye (normal intraocular pressure) is discussed below in the different types of glaucoma. Optic nerve which is located behind the eye is the main nerve to the eye sight. These nerves transmit the images through which we see to the brain for interpretation. The eyes are solid and round like a basketball. Health and shape maintained by a pressure within the eye (the intraocular pressure), which generally ranges between 8 and 22 mm (millimeters) of mercury (mercury). When the pressure is too low, the eyes become more flexible, where the pressure was too high causes the eye becomes harder. Proved optic nerve is the most vulnerable part of the eye to the high pressure due to soft fibers in the nerve is easily damaged.

The front of the eye is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor, which provides food to the structures of the front eyes. This fluid is continuously produced by the ciliary body (ciliary body), which surrounds the eye lens. Aqueous humor then flows through the pupil and the left eye through a small canal (tiny channels) called the trabecular meshwork. These canals are located on what is called filtering, or drainage angle of the eye. Angle is where the clear cornea, which covers the front of the eyes, mounted on the base (root or periphery) of the iris, the colored part of the eye. Cornea covering the iris and pupil, who was in front of the lens. Pupil is the opening of a small, round and black seems to be centered by the iris. Light passing through the pupil, continued through the lens, and onto the retina behind the eye.

In most people, filtering wide angles, although in some individi-individuals, they may be narrow. For example, a common filtering angle approximately 45 degrees, where a narrow angle of about 25 degrees or less. After the exit through the trabecular meshwork in the filtering angle, aqueous fluid then flows into the blood vessels small (capillaries) and into the main bloodstream. Do not mess with tears in aqueous humor, which is produced by a gland outside of the eye.

The process of producing and a discharge from the eyes is similar to that of a kitchen sink (sink) with a tap which is always open, produce and stream water. If the sink is blocked, water may overflow. If the sink is a closed system, a case of eyes, and not able to overflow, the pressure will increase in the sink. Similarly, if the eye trabecular meshwork is blocked, pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure) may increase. Also, if the tap of the sink opening is too large, the water can overflow. Once again, if the sink is a closed system, pressure will increase in the sink. In any event, because the eye is a closed system, if he can not discharge increased, the pressure to build (up) and cause nerve damage.

Risk Factors Glaucoma
Glaucoma is often called the silent thief of vision-silent. This is because, as already mentioned, in many cases, the pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) can increase and damage the eyes without causing obvious symptoms. Thus, awareness and early discovery of glaucoma is very important because this disease can be treated successfully if diagnosed early. When each person at risk for glaucoma, certain people higher risk and need dperiksa more often by their doctor. Risk factors include primary:
* Age over 45 years
* Family history of glaucoma
* The descendants of the black race
* Diabetes
* History of increased pressure in the eye
* Nearsightedness (Myopia high degree), is the inability to see objects clearly far
* History of eye injury
* The use of cortisone (steroids), in the eyes or systematically (by mouth or injection)
* Farsightedness (hyperopia), is seeing things much clearer than that near the (people with sight distance may have a narrow angles filtering, which gives them a tendency acute attack (suddenly) from closed-angle glaucoma).
Different Types of Glaucoma

There are many different types of glaucoma. Most, however, can be classified as open-angle glaucomas, which are chronic conditions, or closed-angle (angle closure) glaucomas, which includes condition-Events that occur suddenly (acute). Glaucoma usually affects both eyes, but this disease can progress more rapidly in the eyes of one than the other eye. The involvement of only one eye occurs only when glaucoma caused by factors such as injury, inflammation, or the use of steroids in the eye.
Open-angle glaucoma

Chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) is the type most common galucoma. Moreover, the frequency is increased substantially with age. This increase occurred because the drainage mechanism gradually can become clogged with aging age. As konsekwennya, aqueous fluid (aqueous fluid) does not flow with the appropriate eye. Therefore increases the pressure inside the eye without pain and without symptoms. Furthermore, as mentioned previously, because the resultant loss of vision began at the side (peripherally), people are generally not aware of this issue until losing violates the central areas of their vision.

Normal tension (pressure) glaucoma is a variant of open-angle glaucoma is more common now than previously recognized. Estimated due to the blood flow to the optic nerve is reduced. This condition is characterized by optic nerve damage and progressive loss of side vision / peripheral vision (visual field) although the pressure in the eye (intraocular pressures) are dibatas-normal or even below normal. This type of glaucoma can be diagnosed by tests repeated by an ophthalmologist to detect nerve damage or loss of vision (visual field). Currently, normal pressure glaucoma (normal pressure glaucoma) got the attention of quite a lot of research because the cause and treatment are still uncertain.

Congenital (infantile) glaucoma is an open-angle glaucoma is inherited and is relatively rare. In this condition, drainage area (drainage area) does not develop properly. This resulted in increased pressure within the eye that can lead to loss of vision from optic nerve damage and at a magnification eye. From a child’s eyes dilate in response to increased pressure because his eyes softer than adult eyes. Diagnosis and early treatment with drugs and / or surgery is very critical in infants and children to maintain their vision.

Secondary glaucoma is another type of open-angle glaucoma. This resulted from an injured eye (ocular injury), even from what has happened a few years earlier. Other causes of secondary glaucoma are inflammation of the iris (iritis), diabetes, cataracts, or to individuals who are sensitive steroids, usage of topical steroids (drops) or systemic steroids (cortisone, oral or injection). This also can be connected with a release of the retina (retinal detachment) or congestion (blocked) veins of the retina (retinal vein) or blockade. The retina is a layer that coats the inside of the back of the eye. Treatments for secondary glaucomas vary, depending on the cause.

Pigmentary glaucoma is a type of secondary glaucoma is more common in young men. In this condition, for reasons still not understood, refined grains (granules) of the pigment regardless of the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. Refined grains is then possible to block the trabecular meshwork, which, as stated above, the drainage system of the eye. Finally, barring drainage system leading to increased pressure within the eye, resulting in optic nerve damage.

Exfoliative glaucoma (pseudoexfoliation) is another type of glaucoma that can occur either by open or closed angles angles. Type of glaucoma is characterized by deposits of flake material (Flaky material) on the front surface of the lens (anterior capsule) and on the corner of the eye. The accumulation of this material at an angle of drainage systems is believed to block the eyes and improve eye pressure. While this type of glaucoma can occur in any population, it occurs most often in older people and people Scandinavian descent.
Closed-angle glaucoma

Closed-angle glaucoma is a type of glaucoma is relatively rare. In this condition, the patient’s intraocular pressure, which is usually normal, can be increased by a very sudden (in acute). This sudden increase in pressure occurs due to be closed angle filtering and blocking drainage canals (drainage channels). This type of glaucoma can occur when the pupil dilated, or enlarged. As a result, around the periphery (peripheral edge) of the iris can be clustered on korneanya installation, thus causing closed-angle filtering. So, the question of closed-angle glaucoma is the difficulty of access from the eye fluid drainage system (trabecular meshwork). Contrary to him, remember that the issue of open-angle glaucoma is a blockage in the system pengalirannya own.

The people with the spies have little tendency to develop closed-angle glaucoma because they tend have a narrow angle filtering (filtering narrow angles). Small spy is not obvious from her appearance, but they can be measured by an ophthalmologist. Thus, individuals who berpenglihatan far or Asian descent may have a little spy, the corners of the narrow filtering (filtering narrow angles), and a risk of developing closed-angle glaucoma is increasing. Furthermore, this condition may be triggered by drugs that can widen Pupils. These materials can be found in the drug-specific drops, drugs commonly used for colds, or drugs used to prevent seasickness. This condition can also occur spontaneously in a dark room or in the movies, where pupils are automatically widen / enlarged to allow more light enters. Sometimes, therefore, people with narrow angles (narrow angles) are given drugs drops (parasympathomimetic agent) to maintain their Pupils remained small.

A sudden attack of glaucoma may be associated with eye pain and severe headaches, a red eye (inflamed), nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. In addition, high intraocular pressure leads to corneal swelling (edema), which causes the patient to see haloes around lights. Sometimes, acute glaucoma treated with oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. An acute glaucoma attack, however, are generally released with eye surgery. In this surgery, doctors make a small hole in the iris with a laser (laser iridotomy) to allow the liquid to start again drainage canals into the normal expenditure.
Diagnose Glaucoma

An eye doctor (ophthalmologist) can usually detect individuals at risk glaucom (eg due to a narrow point of screening / filtering narrow angle or increased intraocular pressure) before the occurrence of nerve damage. Doctors can diagnose patients who already have glaucoma by observing the nerve damage or loss of vision field. The following tests, it does not hurt, can be part of this evaluation.

* Tonometry determine the pressure inside the eye or the tone premises measuring surface firmness. Several types of tonometers are available for this examination, which most often is applanation tonometer. After the eye is made numb with a drug-addict drops, the sensor of the tonometer was placed on the front surface of the eye. More firm / solid tone from the surface of the eye, the higher the pressure readings.
* Pachymetry is a relatively new test for glaucoma management. Pachymetry determine the thickness of the cornea. After the eye is made numb with a drug-addict drops, the end of pachymeter touched lightly on the front surface of the eye (the cornea). Past studies showed that central corneal thickness may affect the intraocular pressure measurement. Thicker corneas may give readings high eye pressure is one and a thinner corneas may provide a low pressure readings are wrong. Furthermore, the cornea, the cornea is a thin, perhaps an additional risk factor for glaucoma.
* Gonioscopy is done by narcotic drugs-eye with anesthetic drops and placing a special type of contact lenses are thick with glass inside the eye. Glass allows doctors to see inside the eyes of these directions are different. The purpose of this test is to check the angle filtering (filtering angle) and the drainage area of the eye. In this procedure, your doctor can determine whether open or narrow angle. As indicated earlier, individuals with narrow angles (narrow angles) have an increased risk for a sudden angle closure (sudden closure of the angle), which can cause an attack of acute glaucoma. Gonioscopy can also determine if any, such as blood vessels abnormalities, may prevent drainage of aqueous fluid (aqueous fluid) out of the eye.
* Ophthalmoscopy is an examination where the doctor uses an instrument that is held to see directly through the pupil (the hole / opening in the colored iris) into the eye. This procedure is performed to check the optic nerve (seen as a compact disc) on the back of the eye. Damage to the optic nerve, called cupping of the disc, can be detected in this way. Cupping, which is a curve (indentation) of the compact disc, can be caused by increased intraocular pressure. Moreover, a pale color of the nerve can suggest nerve damage caused by a small blood flow or increased intraocular pressure. Special cameras can be used to photograph the optic nerve to compare the changes over time.
* The real visual field examination mempetakan visual fields to detect early signs (or late) any damage caused by glaucoma in the optic nerve. These tests can be done by asking the patient look straight ahead and count the fingers shown by inspectors from the sidelines. More typical, however, visual fields measured with a computer assessment. For this procedure, one eye closed and the patient put his chin on a sort of bowl. Then, when the patient saw the lights with different intensities and at different locations different, he pressed a button. This process produces a computer map of the visual field.

Other tests are more sophisticated can also be applied. All of these tests should be repeated at intervals to assess the progress of the disease and treatment effects.

Inspection frequency Glaucoma

Intervals Recommendations eye examination by The American Academy of Ophthalmology is:

* Age 20-29: Individuals of African descent or with a family history of glaucoma should have an eye examination every three to five years. The others should get an eye exam at least once during this period.
* Age 30-39: Individuals of African descent or with a family history of glaucoma should have an eye examination every two to four years. The others should get an eye exam at least twice during this period.
* Age 40-64: Individuals must have an eye examination every two to four years.
* Age 65 or older: Individuals must have an eye examination every one to two years.

Routine screening of eye examinations are mandatory because glaucoma typically causes no symptoms (asymptomatic) at the initial levels. Once the optic nerve damage occurs, it can not be reversed again. So, in order to maintain the vision, glaucoma must be diagnosed early and followed regularly. Patients with glaucoma need to realize that it is a lifelong disease. Fulfillment of the visits to the ophthalmologist who is scheduled and the arrangements prescription drugs offer the best opportunity to preserve vision.

Glaucoma Treatment
General Approach
Although nerve damage and vision loss from glaucoma usually can not be reversed, glaucoma is a disease that generally can be controlled. That is, the treatment can make a normal intraocular pressure and, therefore, prevent or slow further nerve damage and loss of vision. Treatment may involve medication use eye drops, pills (rare), laser, or surgery.

In America, the drugs commonly used eye drops first-first in treating many types of open-angle glaucoma. Contrary to him, in Europe, laser or surgery is sometimes the first choice, at least more often than in America. One or more types of drugs eye drops may be used up to several times daily to reduce intraocular pressure. Eye drops are working well with the reduced production of aqueous fluid (closing faucet) or by increasing the drainage of fluid out of the eye. Each type of therapy has the advantages and potential complications, complications.

Medicine (eye drops)

Beta-adrenergic antagonists work against, or impede, the elements which resemble adrenaline. Drugs drops (drops) is working on the treatment of glaucoma by reducing production of aqueous humor. Over the years, they are the gold standard (compared with other materials) to treat glaucoma. These drugs include timolol (Timoptic), levobunolol (Betagan), carteolol (Ocupress), and metipranolol (Optipranolol).

Used one or two times a day, is very effective drops. However, side effects, such as exacerbations of asthma or emphysema, Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), low blood pressure, fatigue, and impotence prohibit its use in some patients. Betaxolol (Betoptic) is a beta-adrenergic antagonists are more selective in working only on the eye and, therefore, carry much less risk of side effects on the heart (cardiac) or the lungs (pulmonary) from the other drops of this type .

Prostaglandin analogs are similar in chemical structure to the prostaglandins-prostaglandin body. Prostaglandin-prostaglandin are elements that resemble hormones involved in a wide range of functions throughout the body. These drops work by increasing expenditures glacoma (drainage) of fluid from the eye.

Prostaglandin analogs have been replaced as timolol drops for glaucoma is the most commonly prescribed. They can be used only once a day. The drugs of this class has fewer side effects of systemic (involving the rest of the body) than timolol, but can change the color of the iris and also thicken and darken the eye feathers. Drops are apparently also causes eye redness compared with drugs from the eye drops other classes. In some patients, they also can cause inflammation inside the eye. These drugs include latanoprost (Xalatan), travoprost (Travatan), and brimatoprost (Lumigan).

Adrenergic agonists is a type of drops that works like adrenaline. They work in glaucoma by both reducing the production of fluid by the eye and increase expenditure (drainage). Adrenergic agonist is the most popular brimonidine (Alphagan). This material seems to protect the optic nerve from damage beyond simply lowering intraocular pressure. However, there is a risk to 12% of allergic reactions to local (eye). Other members of the drops drugs in this class, including epinephrine, dipivefrin (Propine), and apraclonidine (Iopidine). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work in glaucoma by reducing the production of fluid inside the eye. The forms of ophthalmic drugs of this type include dorzolamide (Trusopt) and brinzolamide (Azopt). They used two or three times a day.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used in other ways as the pills (systematically) to remove fluid from the body in patients with swelling (edema) caused by fluid retention. Oral forms of these drugs used for glaucoma including acetazolomide (diamox) and methazolamide (Neptazane). Use them in this condition, however, limited by side effects of systemic (whole body), including reduction of body potassium, kidney stones, Numbness sensations (numbness) or a sense of amusement at the hands and feet feet, fatigue, and nausea.

Parasympathomimetic agents, also called miotics because they constrict pupil-pupil, working with the elements against which resembles adrenaline. They work in glaucoma by increasing aqueous from the eye expenditure. Drops, drops including pilocarpine, demecarium (Humorsol), echothiophate (Phospholine iodide), and isoflurophate (Floropryl).

Parasympathomimetics has been used for years to treat glaucoma, but they are currently not preferred because they need to use three to four times a day and produce side effects in the eye. Side effects include a small pupils, blurred vision, an aching forehead, and an increased risk from the release of the retina (retinal detachment). At this time, pilocarpine is the only one of these drugs used for glaucoma. Used primarily to keep the pupils remained small in patients with certain iris configuration (plateau iris) or in patients with narrow angle (narrow angle) prior to laser iridotomy.

Osmotic agents is an additional class of drugs used to treat other forms of sudden (acute) of glaucoma where eye pressure remains very high even with the other treatments. These drugs include Isosorbide (given by mouth) and Mannitol (given through the veins). These drugs should be used carefully because they have side effects including nausea, fluid accumulation in the heart and / or in the lungs (congestive heart failure and / or pulmonary edema), bleeding in the brain, and the issues kidney. They prohibited the use in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, problems with heart, kidney, or liver (hepatic).

Several new classes of drugs drops glaucoma is currently under development or waiting for FDA approval.

Diabetes Definitions

Diabetes or diabetis is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by levels of blood sugar (glucose) is high, which resulted from the damage at the expense of insulin, or insulin work, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetis was first identified as a disease associated with “sweet urine” ( “sweet urine”), and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Increased levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) lead to leakage of glucose into the urine, because that word diabetes. Normally, the level of blood-sugar levels are strictly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowering blood sugar levels. When blood sugar rises (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the sugar level. In patients with diabetes pasie / diabetis, not the presence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetis is a chronic medical condition, which means that although it can be controlled, he lasts a lifetime.
Diabetes Impact

Over time, diabetis can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. These types of damage are due to damage of small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease (microvascular disease). Diabetis also is an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart disease, and diseases other large blood vessels. This is referred to as makrovaskuler disease (macrovascular disease). Diabetis affects nearly 17 million people (approximately 8% of the population) in America. In addition, an estimated additional 12 million people in America have diabetis and did not even know it. From an economic perspective, the total cost per year of diabetis in 1997 is estimated as 98 billion dollars in America. Cost per capita comes from the year 1997 amounted to $ 10,071.00, while health costs for people without diabetis of $ 2,699.00 per capita. During this same year, 13.9 million days in hospital hospitalization related to diabetis, where 30.3 million visits to physicians associated with diabetis. Remember, these numbers reflect only the population in America. The whole world, startling statistics.
Diabetis is the leading cause of death in America when the third of heart disease and cancer.

Diabetes Causes

Insufficient production of insulin (either in absolute terms or relative to the needs of the body), the production of defective insulin (which is not common), or the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to hyperglycemia and diabetis. This last condition mostly affects muscle cells and fat tissues, and result in a condition known as “insulin resistance” ( “insulin resistance”). This is the main issue in diabetis type 2. Absolute deficiency of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, is the primary abnormality in diabetis type 1. In diabetis type 2, there is also a permanent decline of beta cells that adds to the process of improving blood sugar. Basically, if someone resiten to insulin, the body can be at several levels and increase insulin production to overcome this resistance level. Afterward, if production decreases and insulin can not be removed by vigoros, hyperglycemia will develop.

Glucose adala a simple sugar found in foods. Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides energy to body cells to function properly. Decomposed carbohydrates in the small intestine and the glucose in food that has been digested and absorbed by intestinal cells into the bloodstream, and carried by the blood flow throughout the body’s cells where it is used. However, glucose can not itself enter into the cells and need help with insulin to help transport into cells. Without insulin, cells become starved of glucose energy despite the availability of glucose is abundant in the bloodstream. In diabetis types particular, the inability of cells to use glucose to react to the ironic situation of “hunger amid plenty”. Glucose is abundant and not used in borosnya issued with urine.

Insulin is a hormone produced by specialized cells (beta cells) of the pancreas. Pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen behind the stomach. In addition to help glucose enter the cells, insulin is also important in setting strict glucose levels in the blood. After eating, blood glucose levels rise. In response to increased levels of glucose, the pancreas normally releases more insulin into the bloodstream to help glucose enter the cells and lower glucose levels after eating. When levels of blood glucose decreased, the release of insulin from the pancreas is reduced. It is important to note that even during the fasting state there is a release of insulin that remains slightly fluctuating slightly and helps maintain a blood sugar level constant during fasting. In normal individuals, the system settings such as this helps maintain levels of blood glucose within a limit that is strictly controlled. As described above, in patients with diabetes, whether insulin is absent, the relative is not sufficient for the purposes of the body, or not used properly by the body. All of these factors lead to increased levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia).

Symptoms Diabetes

Early symptoms of diabetes is not treated associated with an increase rate of blood-sugar levels, and loss of glucose into the urine. The number of high-amount of glucose in the urine can lead to an increase of urine and lead to dehydration. Dehydration causes increased thirst and water consumption. The inability of insulin to work normally have an effect on the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Insulin is an anabolic hormone (anabolic hormone), which is one that encourages storage of fat and protein. A relative lack of insulin or absolute eventually lead to weight loss despite an increased appetite. Some patients with diabetes who are not treated also complained fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Patients with diabetis is susceptible to developing infections of the bladder (bladder), skin and vaginal areas. Fluctuations in levels of blood glucose can lead to blurred vision. Increased glucose levels which can lead to extreme lethargy and coma.
Diagnosing Diabetes

Fasting blood sugar test is the preferred way to diagnose diabetis. It’s easy and it did not bother to do it. Once a person has been fasting the night before (at least 8 hours), a blood sample taken and sent to labor for anaisa. This also can be carried out accurately in the doctor’s office using a glucose meter device.

Normal levels of fasting glucose is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg / dl). The levels of plasma glucose greater than 126 mg / dl on two or more tests on different days indicate diabetis. A blood glucose test randomly can also be used to diagnose diabetis. A blood glucose level of 200 mg / dl or more indicates diabetis.

When the fasting blood glucose above 100mg/dl quiet, but within the constraints of 100-126mg/dl, is known as a fasting glucose affected [impaired fasting glucose (IFG)]. While patients with IFG had no diagnosis of diabetes, these conditions brought by the risks and kekhwatiran-kekhwatirannya own, and addressed elsewhere.
The tests of oral glucose tolerance

Although no longer routinely used, testing of oral glucose tolerance [oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)] is the gold standard for diagnosis of diabetis type 2. He is still commonly used to diagnose gestational diabetes. With the oral glucose tolerance test, a fasting overnight (at least 8 but not more than 16 hours). Then first of all, fasting plasma glucose test. After this test, this person receives 75 grams of glucose (100 grams for pregnant women). There are several methods implemented by the obstetrician to perform this test, but the one discussed here is the standard. Usually, glukosanya is a sweet liquid drunk by the man. Examples of blood-inteval taken at specific intervals to measure blood glucose.

So that the tests provide results that can be trusted, that person must be in good health (not have any other illness, not even a cold). Also, the person must be active in a normal (not berbaringan, for example, as a patient in the hospital) and also should not take drugs that can affect blood glucose. For three days before the test, that person should eat a diet rich in carbohydrates (150 – 200 gram per day). In the morning the test of time, that person must not smoke or drink coffee.

Oral glucose tolerance test measures the level of classic-blood glucose levels five times in a period of 3 hours. Some doctors only get a baseline blood sample followed by an example of two hours after drinking the glucose solution. In someone without diabetis, glucose levels rose and fell rapidly. In someone with diabetes, glucose levels rise higher than normal and failed to come down quickly.

The people with glucose levels between normal and diabetic glucose tolerance that has disrupted [impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)]. The people with disturbed glucose tolerance does not have diabetes, but are at high risk for leading to diabetes. Every year, 1-5% of the people who test results showed disturbed glucose tolerance actually eventually develop diabetes. Weight loss and exercise can help people with impaired glucose tolerance levels return to normal glukosanya. In addition, some doctors recommend the use of drugs, such as metformin (glucophage), to help prevent / slow the emergence of a real diabetis. Past studies have shown that a disturbed glucose tolerance itself may be merupkan a risk factor for developing heart disease. In the medical community, most doctors now understand that the disturbance of glucose tolerance is not only an introduction of diabetis, but it is a separate clinical entity requiring treatment and observation.
Evaluate the test results of oral glucose tolerance

Tolerance tests of glucose can lead to a diagnosis-diagnosis of the following:

* Response normal: Somebody said to have a normal response if the 2 hour glucose level of less than 140 mg / dl, and all its values between 0 and 2 hours less than 200 mg / dl.
* Disturbed glucose tolerance: Somebody said to have disturbed glucose tolerance if the fasting plasma glucose less than 126 mg / dl and the 2 hour glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg / dl.
* Diabetis: Someone has diabetis if the two diagnostic tests performed on different days showed that blood glucose levels high.
* Gestational diabetes: A woman has gestational diabetes if she had any two of the following: a 100g OGTT, a fasting plasma glucose of more than 95 mg / dl, a 1-hour glucose level of more than 180 mg / dl, a glucose level of 2 hours more than 155 mg / dl, or a 3-hour glucose level of more than 140 mg / dl. Terjemahan: Indonesia » Inggris
Komplikasi-Komplikasi Kencing Manis Akut 1. Tingkat-tingkat gula darah yang tinggi sekali disebabkan oleh suatu kekurangan insulin yang nyata atau suatu kekurangan yang relatif dari insulin. 2. Tingkat-tingkat gula darah yang abnormal rendah disebabkan oleh terlalu banyak insulin atau obat-obat penurun glukosa lainnya. Insulin adalah penting untuk pasien-pasien dengan diabetes tipe 1 – mereka tidak dapat hidup tanpa suatu sumber dari exogenous insulin. Tanpa insulin, pasien-pasien dengan diabetes tipe 1 mengembangkan tingkat-tingkat gula darah yang meningkatnya sangat parah. Ini menjurus pada meningkatnya glukosa urin, yang pada gilirannya menjurus pada kehilangan berlebihan dari cairan dan elektrolit-elektrolit didalam urin. Kekurangan insulin juga menyebabkan ketidakmampuan untuk menyimpan lemak dan protein bersamaan dengan penguraian penyimpanan-penyimpanan lemak dan protein. Gangguan regulasi ini, berakibat pada proses dari ketosis dan pelepasan keton-keton kedalam darah. Keton-keton membuat darah menjadi asam (acidic), suatu kondisi yang disebut diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Gejala-gejala dari diabetic ketoacidosis termasuk mual, muntah, dan sakit perut. Tanpa perawatan medis yang segera, pasien-pasien dengan diabetic ketoacidosis dapat masuk dengan cepat kedalam keadaan shock, koma, dan bahkan kematian. Diabetic ketoacidosis dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi-infeksi, stres, atau trauma dimana semuanya dapat meningkatan kebutuhan-kebutuhan insulin. Sebagai tambahan, dosis-dosis insulin yang hilang juga adalah suatu faktor risiko yang nyata untuk mengembangkan diabetic ketoacidosis. Perawatan darurat dari diabetic ketoacidosis melibatkan pemasukan cairan, elektrolit-elektrolit dan insulin secara intravenous (melalui urat nadi), biasanya di ICU suatu rumah sakit. Dehidrasi dapat sangat berat, dan adalah biasa untuk memerlukan mengganti 6-7 liter cairan ketika seseorang berada pada diabetic ketoacidosis. Antibiotik-antibiotik diberikan untuk infeksi-infeksi. Dengan perawatan, tingkat-tingkat gula darah abnormal, produksi keton, acidosis, dan dehidrasi dapat dibalikan dengan cepat, dan pasien-pasien dapat pulih dengan sungguh baik. Pada pasien-pasien dengan diabetes tipe 2, stres, infeksi, dan obat-obatan (seperti corticosteroids) dapat juga menjurus pada tingkat-tingkat gula darah yang meningkatnya berat/tinggi. Didampingi oleh dehidrasi, peningkatan berat gula darah pada pasien-pasien diabetes tipe 2 dapat menjurus pada suatu peningkatan blood osmolality (hyperosmolar state). Kondisi ini dapat menjurus pada koma (hyperosmolar coma). Suatu hyperosmolar coma biasanya terjadi pada pasien-pasien yang lebih tua dengan diabetes tipe 2. Seperti diabetic ketoacidosis, suatu hyperosmolar coma adalah suatu keadaan medis darurat. Perawatan segera dengan cairan dan insulin intravenous adalah penting dalam membalikan keadaan hyperosmolar. Tidak seperti pasien-pasien diabetes tipe 1, pasien-pasien diabetes tipe 2 umumnya tidak mengembangkan ketoacidosis semata-mata berdasarkan diabetesnya. Karena pada umumnya diabetes tipe 2 terjadi pada populasi yang lebih tua, kondisi-kondisi medis serentak lebih mungkin ada, dan pasien-pasien ini secara keseluruhan kemungkinan lebih sakit. Komplikasi dan angka kematian dari hyperosmolar coma menjadi lebih tinggi dari pada DKA. Hypoglycemia artinya gula darah yang abnormal rendah. Pada pasien-pasien diabetes, penyebab yang paling umum dari gula darah rendah adalah penggunaan insulin yang berlebihan atau obat-obat penurun gula lainnya, untuk menurunkan tingkat gula darah pada pasien-pasien diabetes pada kehadiran makanan yang telat atau ketidak hadiran makanan. Ketika tingkat-tingkat gula darah rendah terjadi karena terlalu banyak insulin, itu disebut suatu reaksi insulin. Kadangkala, gula darah rendah dapat sebagai akibat dari suatu pemasukan kalori yang tidak mencukupi atau pengerahan tenaga fisik berlebihan secara mendadak. Glukosa darah adalah penting untuk sel-sel otak berfungsi secara baik. Oleh karenanya, gula darah rendah dapat menjurus pada gejala-gejala sistim syaraf pusat seperti kepeningan, kebingungan, kelemahan, dan gemetaran. Tingkat aktual gula darah dimana gejala-gejala ini terjadi berbede-beda dengan setiap orang, namun biasanya itu terjadi ketika gula darah kurang dari 65 mg/dl. Tidak dirawat, tingkat-tingkat gula darah rendah yang berat dapat menjurus pada koma, seizures, dan pada skenario yang paling jelek, kematian otak yang tidak dapat dibalikan. Pada titik ini, otak menderita dari suatu kekurangan gula, dan ini umumnya terjadi pada tingkat-tingkat sekitar kurang dari 40 mg/dl. Perawatan gula darah rendah terdiri dari pemasukan suatu sumber gula yang cepat diserap. Ini termasuk minuman-minuman yang mengandung gula, seperti air jeruk, minuman-minuman ringan/soft drinks (bukan yang bebas gula), atau tablet-tablet gula dalam dosis-dosis 15-20 grams sekali makan (contohnya, persamaan dari setengah gelas jus). Jika pasien menjadi tidak sadar, glukagon dapat diberikan melalui suntikan intramuskular (intramuscular injection). Glukagon menyebabkan pelepasan gula (glukosa) dari hati/liver (itu mempromosikan gluconeogenesis). Glukagon dapat menyelamatkan nyawa and setiap pasien diabetes yang mempunyai suatu sejarah hypoglycemia (terutama yang memerlukan insulin) harus mempunyai suatu kotak glukagon (glucagon kit). Famili-famili dan teman-teman dari orang-orang dengan diabetes perlu diajari bagaimana memasukkan glukagon, karena jelas-jelas pasien-pasien tidak akan mampu melakukannya sendiri dalam suatu situasi darurat. Alat penyelamat nyawa lainnya yang perlu dibahas adalah sangat sederhana; suatu gelang siaga medis harus dipakai oleh semua pasien-pasien diabetes.

Complications-Acute Complications of Diabetes

1. The levels of blood sugar is very high due to an actual lack of insulin or a relative deficiency of insulin.
2. Sugar levels are abnormally low blood caused by too much insulin or medication, other glucose-lowering drugs.

Insulin is important for patients with type 1 diabetes – they can not live without a source of exogenous insulin. Without insulin, patients with type 1 diabetes develops, the level of blood sugar levels rise very severe. This leads to increased urinary glucose, which in turn leads to excessive loss of fluid and electrolyte-electrolyte in the urine. Lack of insulin also causes the inability to store fat and protein along with the storage-storage breakdown of fats and proteins. Disruption of this regulation, resulting in the process of ketosis and the release of ketone-ketone into the blood. Ketone-ketone to make the blood becomes acidic (acidic), a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Without immediate medical treatment, patients with diabetic ketoacidosis can enter quickly into a state of shock, coma, and even death.

Diabetic ketoacidosis can be caused by infections, stress, or trauma where it can increase insulin needs. In addition, insulin doses also missing is a real risk factor for developing diabetic ketoacidosis. Emergency treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis involves fluid entry, electrolyte-electrolyte and the intravenous insulin (through a vein), usually in a hospital ICU. Dehydration can be very heavy, and it is common to need to replace 6-7 liters of fluid when someone is in diabetic ketoacidosis. Given antibiotics for infections. With treatment, the level of abnormal blood sugar levels, ketone production, acidosis, and dehydration can dibalikan quickly, and patients can recover really well.

In patients with type 2 diabetes, stress, infections, and medications (such as corticosteroids) can also lead to levels of blood sugar that increase the weight / height. Accompanied by dehydration, weight increase blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes can lead to an increase in blood osmolality (hyperosmolar state). This condition can lead to coma (hyperosmolar coma). A hyperosmolar coma usually occurs in patients older with type 2 diabetes. Such as diabetic ketoacidosis, a hyperosmolar coma is an emergency medical condition. Immediate treatment with intravenous fluids and insulin are important in reversing hyperosmolar state. Unlike patients with type 1 diabetes, patients with type 2 diabetes generally do not develop ketoacidosis solely on the basis of diabetes. Because the type 2 diabetes usually occurs in older population, medical conditions are more likely to simultaneously exist, and these patients as a whole is likely to be sick. Complications and death rates from hyperosmolar coma is higher than in DKA.

Hypoglycemia means abnormal blood sugar low. In diabetic patients, the most common cause of low blood sugar is excessive use of insulin or medicine other sugar-lowering drugs, to lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients in the presence of a late meal or absence of food. When the levels of low blood sugar occurs because too much insulin, it is called an insulin reaction. Sometimes, low blood sugar can be as a result of an income insufficient calories or excessive physical exertion of a sudden.

Blood glucose is essential for brain cells to function properly. Therefore, low blood sugar can lead to symptoms of central nervous system such as dizziness, confusion, weakness, and trembling. The actual level of blood sugar which these symptoms occur berbede different with each person, but usually it occurs when blood sugar is less than 65 mg / dl. Not treated, levels of low blood sugar can lead to severe coma, seizures, and in the worst scenario, death of the brain that can not dibalikan. At this point, the brain suffers from a shortage of sugar, and this generally occurs at levels of about less than 40 mg / dl.

Low blood sugar treatments consisted of income of a source of rapidly absorbed sugars. These include drinks that contain sugar, such as orange juice, soft drinks / soft drinks (not sugar free), or sugar tablets in doses of 15-20 grams a meal (for example, the equation of a half glass of juice ). If the patient becomes unconscious, glucagon can be given via intramuscular injection (Intramuscular injection).

Glucagon causes the release of sugar (glucose) from the heart / liver (it promotes Gluconeogenesis). Glucagon can save lives and every patient with diabetes who have a history of hypoglycemia (particularly those requiring insulin) should have a box of glucagon (glucagon kit). Families and friends of people with diabetes need to be taught how to include glucagon, since obviously the patients will not be able to do it themselves in an emergency situation. Other lifesaving tools that need to be discussed is very simple; a medical alert bracelet should be worn by all patients with diabetes.

Complications-Diabetes Chronic Complications

Diabetic complications are associated with diseases of the blood vessels and are usually classified into small vessel disease, such as involving a spy, kidneys and nerves (microvascular disease), and large vessel disease involving the heart and vessels large (makrovaskuler disease). Diabetes accelerate aeteri-hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) of the blood vessels are larger, leading to coronary heart disease (angina or heart attack), stroke, and pain in the feet due to lack of blood supply (claudication).

Eye complications

The main complications of diabetic eye is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in patients who have had diabetes for at least five years. Blood vessels in diseased little behind the eye and leak blood proteins in the retina. Diseases of the blood vessels also causes the formation of a small aneurysm (microaneurysms), and the vessels that new but fragile (neovascularization). Spontaneous bleeding from blood vessels new and fragile this can lead to scarring of the retina and retinal release, so it ruins your eyesight.

Untu treating diabetic retinopathy a laser is used to destroy and prevent the re-development of an aneurysm is small aneurysm and blood vessels are fragile. Approximately 50% of patients with diabetes will develop some degree of diabetic retinopathy after 10 years of suffering from diabetes, and 80% of people with diabetes have retinopathy after 15 years of suffering from diabetes. Poor control of blood sugar and blood pressure further exacerbate the diabetic eye disease.

Cataracts, glaucoma, cataracts and glaucoma are also more common among diabetics. It is also important to note that because the lens of the eye to let water through, if the concentrations of blood sugar varies a lot, the lens of the eye will shrink and swell with fluid. As a result, blurred vision is very common in poor pengontrolannya diabetes. Patients are generally not recommended to get a new glasses prescription until their blood sugar under control. This allows for a more accurate assessment of what glasses prescription is required.

Nerve damage

Nerve damage in diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy and is also caused by disease of blood vessels smaller. In essence, the blood flow to the nerves is limited, leaving the nerves without blood flow, and they become damaged or die as a result (a term known as ischemia). The symptoms of diabetic nerve damage, including Numbness / numbness, burning, and sore feet. When the nerve damage caused a total loss of sensation in the feet, patients may not be aware of the wounds in the leg, and failed to protect them as well. Shoes or other protectors should be used as much as possible. Skin wounds that seem minor should be treated immediately to prevent serious infections. Because of poor blood circulation, wounds, diabetic foot wounds may not be recovered. Sometimes, the wounds are minor leg / small can lead to serious infections, boro-ulcers, and even gangrene, requiring amputation of toes, feet or parts of other infections ririskiky operations.

Diabetic nerve damage can affect the nerves necessary for the enforcement of the penis (penile erection), causing impotence [erectile dysfunction (ED, impotence)]. Erectile dysfunction can also be caused by poor blood flow to the penis of diabetic vascular disease.

Diabetic neuropathy can also affect the nerves in the stomach and small intestine, causing nausea, weight loss, diarrhea and other symptoms of gastroparesis (delayed emptying of food from the stomach contents into the small intestine, caused by the contraction of abdominal muscles that not effective).

Pain from diabetic nerve damage may respond to traditional treatments with gabapentin (Neurontin), phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), desipramine (Norpraminine), amitriptyline (Elavil), or with topically-applied capsaicin (an extract from the pepper / pepper). Neurontin, Dilantin and Tegretol are medications used traditionally in the treatment of seizure disorders. And Elavil is Norpraminine drugs traditionally used for depression. While many of these drugs are not specifically indicated by the FDA for the treatment of diabetes-related nerve pain, they are generally used by doctors. Pain from diabetic nerve damage can also be improved with blood sugar control better, though unfortunately blood sugar control and disease course of neuropathy do not always go together. Drugs later for nerve pain has been present recently in the American market. Pregabalin (Lyrica) which has an indication for diabetic neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathic pain) and duloxetine (cymbalta) are drugs that are used later in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
Slowing-Complications of Diabetes Complications

The findings from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have clearly shown that the control of aggressive and intensive-level increase in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes type 1 and type 2 reduce the complications of nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and can reduce the occurrence and severity of diseases of large blood vessels. Aggressive control with intensive therapy that reaches levels of fasting glucose between 70-120 mg / dl; glucose levels less than 160 mg / dl after meals; and an A1C levels are almost normal.

Studies in patients with type 1 have shown that in patients in intensive care, diabetic eye disease decreased by 76%, kidney disease decreased by 54%, and nerve disease decreased by 60%. Lately EDIC trial has shown that type 1 diabetes is also associated with increased heart disease, similar to type 2 diabetes. However, the price of blood sugar control is an increase in aggressive two to three times the incidence rate of blood-sugar levels are abnormally low (caused by diabetes medications). For this reason, strict control of diabetes to achieve glucose levels between 70-120 mg / dl is not recommended for children under the age of 13 years, patients with recurrent severe hypoglycemia, patients who are not aware of their hypoglycemia , and patients with complications of diabetes which has progressed far. To achieve optimal glucose control without an undue risk from levels of low blood sugar abnormalities, patients with type 1 diabetes must monitor their blood glucose at least four times a day and include insulin at least three times per day. In patients with type 2 diabetes, blood sugar control has aggressive beneficial effects similar to the spy, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.
Caring for Diabetes

The main goal of diabetes treatment is to minimize the increase in blood sugar without causing any level of blood sugar levels are abnormally low. Type 1 diabetes treated with insulin, exercise, and a diabetic diet (diabetic diet). Type 2 diabetes treated with first weight loss, a diabetic diet, and exercise. If these steps fail to control blood sugar rise, OBA oral drug is used. If oral medications are also still not sufficient, consider treatment with insulin.

Adherence to the diabetic diet is an important aspect of the increase in blood sugar control in patients with diabetes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has provided guidelines for a diabetic diet. ADA diet is a balanced diet and nutritious low in fat, cholesterol, and simple sugars. Total daily calories divided equally on the three meals. In the past two years, the ADA has been deleted absolute prohibition on simple sugars. The amounts of some of the simple sugars are allowed when consumed with a complex food.

Weight reduction and exercise are important treatments for diabetes. Weight reduction and exercise increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin, so helping to control the increases in blood sugar.

Cataracts Causes

The lens is located behind the iris and pupil. He worked as the lens of the camera. He focuses light behind the eyes and over the retina, where images are recorded. The lens also adjusts the focus of the eye, letting us see things clearly both near and far. The lens is made mostly of water and protein. Proteins are arranged in an appropriate way to maintain the lens clear and lets light pass through it.

But when we age, some of the proteins may clot together and began to overshadow the areas smaller than the lens. This is a cataract. Through time, the cataract may grow larger and more muddying of the lens, making it more difficult to see.

Researchers suspect that there are several causes of cataracts, such as smoking and diabetes. Or, perhaps a protein in the lens just changes from discharging through the years.

how cataract attack the human eye
Cataracts are associated with age can affect your eyesight in two ways:
* The clumps of protein reduce the sharpness of the image that reaches the retina.
o lenses consist mostly of water and protein. When the protein clot, he was escalating the lens and reduces the light that reaches the retina. Pengkabutan (perkeruhan) may be severe enough to cause blurred vision. Most cataracts are related to age grow from clumps of protein.
o When a small cataract, perkeruhan affect only a small part of the lens. You may not record any changes in your vision. Cataracts tend to “grow” slowly, so vision deteriorated gradually. Through time, foggy area in the lens may be larger, and the cataract may increase in ukuranya. Seeing may become more difficult. Your vision might become more faded or blurred.
* Lenses are clear in color slowly changed to yellow / brown, add the brown color vision.
o When the clear lens slowly colored with age, your vision gradually may acquire shades of brown. First, the amount of dye is probably small and may not cause vision problems. Through time, the increased staining may make it more difficult to read and perform routine activities of others. Changes gradually on the amount of dye does not affect the sharpness of the image that is sent to the retina.
o If you have a change of color (pelunturan) lenses that continues, you may not be able to identify a blue-purple-blue and purple. You may be wearing what you believe is a pair of black socks, only to find out from friends that you are wearing a purple shirt-feet.
When are you most likely have a cataract?
The term “associated with age” is a bit misleading. You do not need to be older citizens (senior) to get this type of cataract. In fact, people can have a cataract associated with age at the age of 40 and 50 of them. But during middle age, most cataracts are small and do not affect vision. It is after 60 years of age most cataracts steal vision.
Who is at risk for cataracts?
The risk of cataract increases as you get older. Risk factors for cataracts include other:
* Certain diseases, like diabetes.
* Personal behavior, such as smoking and alcohol use.
* Environment, such as exposure to prolonged sunlight.

tips to protect the eyes

Glasses-wearing sunglasses and a hat with the edge to block ultraviolet sunlight may help to delay cataracts. If you smoke, stop. Researchers also believe good nutrition can help reduce the risk of cataracts associated with age. They recommend eating a vegetable-green leafy vegetables, fruits and other foods with antioxidants.

If you are aged 60 years or older, you must have a magnification examination of a comprehensive eye at least once every two years. In addition to cataracts, your doctor can check for signs of macular degeneration (macular degeneration) is associated with age, glaucoma, and diseases other visions. Initial treatment for many eye diseases may save your vision.

How to cure catarak
Caring Cataract
The symptoms of early cataracts may be improved with new eyeglasses, brighter lighting, black eyeglasses anti-glare, or magnifying lenses. If these measures do not help, surgery is the only effective treatment. The operation involves spending a foggy lens and replace them with artificial lenses.

Cataract is necessary to issue only when vision loss disrupt daily activities, you, like driving, reading, or watching TV. You and your doctor can make this decision together. Once you understand the benefits and risks of the operation, you can make informed decisions about whether cataract surgery is right for you. In most cases, delaying cataract surgery will not cause long term damage to your eyes or make more difficult opereasi. You do not have to rush to the operation.

Sometimes a cataract should be removed even if it does not cause problems with your vision. For example, cataract must be removed if it prevents examination or treatment of other eye problems, such as macular degeneration associated with age or diabetic retinopathy. If your doctor find a cataract, you may not need cataract surgery for several years. In fact, you might never need cataract surgery. By having your vision tested regularly, you and your eye doctor can discuss if and when you might need treatment.

If you choose surgery, your eye doctor may refer you to a specialist to remove cataract.

If you have cataracts in both eyes that require surgery, the surgery will be performed on each eye at separate times, usually four to eight weeks apart.

Many people who need cataract surgery also have eye conditions, such as macular degeneration associated with age or glaucoma. If you have any conditions other eye in addition to cataract, talk with your doctor. Learn about the risks, benefits, alternatives, and hasl-expected results of cataract surgery.
Types different from cataract surgery

There are two types of cataract surgery. Your doctor can explain the differences and help determine which one is better for you:

* Phacoemulsification, or phaco. Incision (cut) is made on the small side of the cornea, the clear surface and a dome-shaped front cover. Your doctor insert a small probe into the eye. This device emits ultrasound waves that melunakan and separating the lens so that it can be removed by suction (suction). Most cataract surgery today is done by phacoemulsification, also called “small incision cataract surgery”.
* Extracapsular Surgery. Your doctor makes a longer incision in the cornea and remove the cloudy lens nucleus in one piece. The rest of the lens removed by suction.

After the natural lens has been issued, he is often replaced with artificial lens, called intraocular lens (IOL). IOL is a clear plastic lens that requires no maintenance and a permanent part of your eye. Light focused clearly by the IOL onto the retina, improving your vision. You will not feel or see the new lens.

Some people can not have the IOL. They may have another eye disease or have problems during surgery. For these patients, the soft contact lens, or eyeglasses that provide high magnification, may be recommended.
The risks of cataract surgery

As with any surgery, cataract surgery has risks, like infection and bleeding. Before cataract surgery, your doctor may ask you to temporarily stop taking certain drugs that increase the risk of bleeding during surgery. After surgery, you should keep your eye clean, wash your hands before touching your eyes, and use of drugs that are prescribed to help decrease the risk of infection. Serious infection can result in loss of vision.

Cataract operation slightly increases the risk of retinal detachment (separation of the retina) you. Eye diseases, such as high Myopia (nearsightedness), can further increase your risk of separation of the retina after cataract surgery. One sign of retinal detachment is increased suddenly in flashes (flashes) or floaters. Floaters is “cobwebs” or tiny dots that appear to float in your good vision. Even if you are treated immediately, some vision may be lost.vision field. If you recorded an increase of a sudden in floaters or flashes, search for your eye doctor immediately. Retinal detachment is a medical emergency. If necessary, go to the emergency service or hospital. Your eyes should be examined by eye surgeon as soon as possible. Retinal detachment causes no pain. Early treatment for retinal detachment often can prevent permanent vision loss. The sooner you get treatment, the more likely you will regain
Talk to your eye doctor about these risks. Make sure cataract surgery is right for you.

Upon the infinite creates man create body as couplet God, and we as human as have task to pet our body. Subdivided body in some part that have its own function and some part body that have function which momentously is ear that have function to hear, mouth for speaking, tongue for perceives, nose to get for breath and eye sees and bagiann other one have the other functions. But don’t everybody have perfect body part because troubles as diseased as, one of it disease on winks.
in eye has nerve that makes to wink gets to see, that yes `optikus`’s nerve and `kranial`’s nerve massageand both that constitute `sensorik`’s nerve
in a general way spherical eye,but for that matter elliptical, its frontage is clear, and consisting of three coats, which is extern coat, intermediate coat, and lower mantle
eye also split up in some part essential that have function their it as mince, lens, cornea, `sklera`, retina. function slices to be that of blind that protect retina and restraining total incoming light at winks, function of lens is that of main focus organ, one that biases beam, and makes it clear at retina, cornea function as obverse as on eye that most link with `sklera`, and function from `sklera` is protect ethereal eye structure and helping keep eyeball form
More than three astigmatism who cause can wink man to become damage for example which is disease which make eye can’t far see, and long-sighted one makes to wink can’t see near, and blindness that makes to wink can’t altogether see trouble who makes to wink feels poignant.

Trouble or happening abnormality on eye can because of various factor as factor environment, factor is wont, factor is offspring, and factor is nutrient and indispensable vitamin by human body.

Of happening trouble sort on eye, i am more interest for works through cataract disease. Since terminological information that I gets of various source, cataract disease that wore two hats can all trouble which happen on human eye. And cataract handle that need time that adequately long time and forte that enough.

Rationale

Cataract eye disease that is characterized with the fog on the lens. Transparent normal eyepiece and containing juicy, so light gets to penetrate it squashy. transparent lens and’s normal a. of water’s lot, so that light can penetrates it easily. Although new cell cell on lenticular will ever be molded, there are many factor which can cause region in lenticular as opaque, hard, and massive.Although the new cells in the lens will always be established, many factors that can cause the is in the lens to become opaque’s area, hard, massive and. Lens that don’t that transparent won’t can keep on light goes to retina for processed and is transferred nerve thru optic goes to to rack brains. Lens is not clear that these won’t be able to forward the is to the light to be processed and sent through the optic nerve to the brain’s retina.
Cataract disease a lot of tropical state happenings as Indonesian As. Cataract disease occurs in many tropical countries such is Indonesia usa. It gets bearing with cataract causal factor, namely indigenous ultraviolet light sun-shine. This factor relates to the causes of cataracts, the ultraviolet rays that come from the sun. Cause of another is malnutrition one get to hasten its amends process diseased cataract. The cause is lack of nutrition that can speed up the process of developing the disease cataracts,
Most cataracts occur because the process of increasing age or degeneratif someone. Most cataracts appear in old age. statistics show that more than’s data 90% people aged above 65 years suffering from cataracts. Approximately 550% people aged 75 85 years eyes reduced power due to cataracts. Although it can be treated in fact, cataracts is the main causes of blindness in the world’s acre.

Unhappily, A cataract patient may don’t realise have experienced cataract trouble. Unfortunately, people with a cataract may not have undergone cataract interference. Alae happening cataract gently so patient sight troubled by ala get to move over. since by and large growing cataract so slowing and not regard sight energy since early. Cataracts occur slowly slowly, so vision of a little disturbed. Because cataracts generally grow very slowly and doesn’t affect the power of vision since the beginning. New seeing energy effected after amends cataract around 3 —5 years. Affected by the new power of vision after cataract developed around 3 5 years. In consequence, cataract patient usually realise its disease afters enters critical stadium. Therefore, cataract patients is usually aware when it entered the critical stages’s acre.

4 disease of cataract

Traumatik, constituting happening cataract because accident on winks.
Secondary, because of cataract doctor consumption as prednisone and kortikosteroid, and diabetes patient. Cataract is suffered 10 common more times by diabetes patient than by populations in common.

Cataract one nile is cataract that gets bearing with age, constituting cataract type that most commonly. Base its location, available 3 this cataract type, namely nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular. Nuclear sclerosis constitutes changing gently ala lens so as hard and color yellowness. View by a long shot is regarded than close up (view reads), even view reads to get gets better. Patient also experiencing unexpected differentiates color, particularly colour blue. cortical’s type cataract happens if lens fiber become feculent, can cause dazzle especially if afterdark drive. Posterior subcapsular constitutes its happening muddiness at lenticular back side. This cataract causes dazzle, blurry view on condition of brightness light, and view reads menurun.

Kongenital’s cataract
disisio Lentis
action dissects on disisio lentis is by prick or tear anterior’s capsule lens with expectation warms up molten lens outward. Secretory lenticular material will be adrift with aqueous humor (aquous is black humor) or difagositosis by makrofag. After happens absorbtion out and out, therefore eye becomes afakia or not have lens again.

Linear extraction made by insisi on cornea and done by tear on anterior’s capsule lens. Inserted by Daviel’s spoon into room winks or lens then lens be cleared from lens material those are on in capsule. On present moment to issue lens body can be done by aspiration. hereafter wound cornea gets to be tailored by kemnali. If there is lens material that stills to drop behind is expected as on disisio lentis which is this lens rest will come out with aqueous humor and difagsitosis.

Handle: Cataract kongenital shall do operation / surgical operation.
Prevention: On kongenital’s cataract full scale makula this may not get excitement. Makula this won’t amends out and out until despite of done by cataract extraction therefore visus usually will not reach 5 / 5. It was called by ambliopia sensoris (amblyopia ex anopsia). Cataract kongenital can evoke complication any other as nistagmus and strabismus. And on this disisio lentis’s surgical operation shall avoid uveitis’s happening or secondary glaucoma. If material lens not perfect diabsobsi therefore will form secondary cataract. on avoid uveitis’s happening, glaucoma and secondary cataract.

Cure: Cataract Kongenital can be cured by does operation / surgical operation. Operate for cataract kongenital is done if reflek fundus doesn’t descry. Usually if cataract gets totaled character, operate for gets to be done on age 2 months or more or if got done by anaesthesia.
Action Hads Out kongenital’s cataract which is: disisio or linear extraction and ektraksi with fakoemulsifikasi.
Pda generally action dissects / operation did by disisio lentis or linear extraction. Tndakan dissects this ordinary is done on age 2 months to prevent ambliopia eksanopsia. Pasca dissects patient require correction for refraksi’s abnormality its eye already becomes afakia.

Traumatik’s cataract
Pupil casting on lenticular effect dull trauma that gets to form vossious ring which is circle which formed by granula reddish brown of mince pigment with thereabouts diameter 1 mm. Normally it becomes solid after trauma. vossious’s ring tends to get lost sedkit after few. Capsule muddiness that littles and is scattered get after been found gets lost it pigments.

Cataract gets roset’s form; this form gets happening so soon as trauma but get also few weeks later. Trauma dulling To Beget lenticular fiber reshuffles and sisten suture’s formations (lenticular fiber gathering place) so roset’s form happening. This form gets while and get also make a abode.

traumata desiminata subepitel’s cataract (found by Vogt) get muddiness form that pocks and lies under streaked epitel frontage lens. Sometimes this muddiness gets permanent character and not progressive.

Zonular’s cataract and lamelar, this form is frequent found on after young person trauma. Its cause because marks sense changing about meabilitas lens capsule that beget kortek supersial’s coat degeneracy. Effects dull trauma pummel or ball get to cause capsule tear, although tampa is trauma penetrates to wink. Lenticular materials can come out through this capsule tear and if at absorbtion therefore eye wills be afakia.

Trauma effect cataract penetrates to get deep shaped:
Laserisasi which is tear on lenticular capsule. If fray capsule and lens content gets to dash with liquid aqueous can arise cataract full scale.

Secondary cataract
Subyektif’s phenomena:Secondary cataract can cause sharp-eyed setback.
Objective phenomena: Appear as a period thick who can comprise of capsule anterior, kapsula posterior, lenticular term, soemmering’s ring and elschnig pearl. soemmering’s ring happens anterior’s capsule effect that crack and beretraksi to aim periphery and clinging on kapsula posterior leaves unclouded region is intermediated, forming ring picture. On this ring periphery most lenticular fiber agglomeration and epitel what does berproliferasi. Elschnig pearl is epitel subkapsuler that berproliferasi and dilates so appear as spume of soap. Elschnig pearl this may will remove deep a few years because of its wall break.

Afakia is each situation where lenticular material besued therefore will find eye phenomena that have no lens again or afakia, as tremulan’s Mince or wiggle mince, Room winks in, Tall Hipermetropia and usually until + 10,00 until with + 12,00 dioptri., To read close at hand needful lenticular affix + 3,00 diopter.

Lens Intra Okuler is at the moment cataract surgical operation done by intraokular’s lens instilling to afakia that happening. Correction to wink afakia can give severally gain and disadvantages.
Retinopati is an abnormality on not such retina about ambush. Retinopati can cause melitus’s diabetes, hypertension and leukemia, arteriosklerosis and another degeneracy process.

Handle: This secondary cataract shall do operation / surgical operation.
Prevention: Avoiding trauma on eyepiece who can solve lens and has cautious in gets activity (looking after good constant eye).

Cure: This secondary cataract done by operation / surgical operation by irrigation, disisio, kapsulotomi or whole membrane extraction. On pembadahan secondary cataract happens akakibat disisio lentis’s rest, kapsuler’s linear and extraction extraction. On secondary cataract that constrain its input light turns in at eyeball or begetting descent of sharp-eyed therefore done by disisio lentis secondary or kapsulotomi padakatarak is tesebut’s secondary.

Information: Secondary cataract is terminology for all material as capsule of lens, epitel’s cell, lenticular fiber, fibrin’s element after an about ambush and degeneracy result or lens degeneracy that drops behind after an extra cataract operation kapsuler or after a trauma that breaks down lens. Because of cataract doctor consumption as prednisone and kortikosteroid, and diabetes patient. Cataract is suffered 10 common more times by diabetes patient than by populations in common.

Goals
My goals to human know about danger of cataract, to know how cataract attack human, how to cure cataract, and type of cataract.

Identifyng problem
 What is cataract?
 How cataract attack human eye?
 What the effect of cataract?
 How many type of cataract?
 How to cure cataract?

Objectives
The first I make this paper becouse I have assignment from mr.chres. I take this topic becouse I want every student and every people can know about cataract.

Methods
To finish this paper I need so many source of data that connected with this topic, there are:
• From inteview
• From internet
• From observation
• From literatur study

The first installment of the manga adaption of the latest .hack game series finally hits the US. Haseo, a player of the MMORPG known as The World, finds himself sucked into the mysteries and dangers that have haunted the game since its inception. His quest to locate the mysterious Tri-Edge brings into contact with System Administrators and unlocks his own hidden powers.

The art is stylish and eye catching. The characters and their weapons are quite snazzy, especially their costumes. Unfortunately, the layouts are confusing as hell. There are several points during the action sequences (and even in non-action sequences) where I couldn’t really tell what was going on. On top of that, the irregular layouts also result in some of the voice bubbles being placed in odd orders. I found myself reading from left to right than right to left in a diagonal pattern on more than one occasion. Definitely a bit awkward at times.

The writing is not too bad. Haseo is your typical moody protagonist and not exactly likeable. He’s prone to snapping at people and is really fond of playing the angst-ridden loner, which strikes me as an odd thing to do when you’re playing an MMORPG, but… meh, whatever. For me the real hook are the mysteries of The World, of which Tri-Edge seems to be the focus for this series. Tri-Edge is a mysterious character whose in game actions effect the real world. He’s also the reason Haseo’s all angsty. A while ago, Tri-Edge crossed paths with a friend of Haseo’s, Shino, and ever since then Shino’s been comatose. Everything surrounding Tri-Edge is shrouded in mystery, though. As the mystery deepens it’s revealed that some players survive their encounters with Tri-Edge and begin to manifest similar powers to his–namely, the ability to affect the real world from within in the game.

If you don’t like Haseo, there are couple of supporting characters to choose from, though the only member of that crew to really jump at me was Atoli. Atoli’s an odd lady; she resembles Shino and seems to spend most of her time in The World attempting to convince other players to do away with Player Killing. It’s just odd to think about someone signing up to an MMORPG and then deciding to campaign against a popular feature like that. Her reasoning is so pure and naive that I found it hard not to like her, though: she doesn’t want to hurt anyone’s feelings. Awww…

I generally found .Hack//G.U.+ to be an okay read, despite everything not clicking for me. It did re-spark an on-again, off-again interest I’ve had with the .hack franchise for years. The premise and concept has always intrigued me, but I found some of the anime series a bit bland and never got around to picking up the games or the manga before now. That being said, I can’t really see myself picking up the rest of this series. But am I tempted to try out the games and some of the anime series.

Bordeaux: So, you think you can just go up against me, the great Bordeaux as if nothing hap-
[Haseo kills her instantly.]
Haseo: Yeah, I think I can.

[Haseo is defeated by "Tri-Edge".]
Haseo: Damn… What the hell… What the hell are you?!

Ovan: It was such a small seed… I needed to find out what was growing inside. And there was only one way to find out. So I decided to raise it.

Bo: ‘scuse me.
Atoli: Yes?
Bo: You’re Haseo’s friend… Right?
Atoli: I… umm… Yes, I am Haseo’s friend.

Gabi: I’m Gabi!

[Haseo screams as he transforms into Skeith for the first time]
Bordeux: What are you doing?!?
Haseo: Say “good-bye”.
[Haseo kills Bordeux and her team with Skeith's power and stands over them laughing like a lunatic shortly after in his normal state.]

Pi: Haseo… You have to run!
Haseo: Sorry, lady… but I think I’ve had just about enough of your lessons!
[Haseo transforms into his "Avatar"; Skeith]
Haseo: I’m going to save you. I swear!

Alkaid: Now you see? You and I are on totally different levels.

Kuhn(In reference to Skeith going berserk): I guess… I really wasn’t prepared for this kind of thing.

Yata: Atoli is also a Chosen One.
Haseo: W-What?! Why didn’t you tell me this before?!
Yata: You only wanted information on Tri-Edge and Shino. You weren’t interested in our affairs.
Haseo: You bastard!
Yata: Thanks, I’ll take that as a compliment.

Atoli: I wanted you to look at me!
Haseo: What are you talking about? I’m looking at you right now!
Atoli: You didn’t see me… You only saw Shino.

.hack//G.U. Vol. 2//Reminisce
Ovan: Do you want to know the truth?
Haseo: The truth?
Ovan: Yes… The truth about Tri-Edge… The truth about why Shino…[quote is ended]

Haseo: What is it you want from me?!
Ovan: To become stronger. To consume all happiness and sadness… and make that as your stepping stone.

Shino: There is no such thing as a voice that cannot reach someone.

Haseo: (After seeing Alkaid fall over): Alkaid!
Alkaid: Haseo…I…
Haseo: Try to hang on!!
(Alkaid begins to fade away)
Alkaid: What… What is this…? My character is fading…No…my conciousness is…fading…
Haseo: …No.
Alkaid: Haseo…?
Haseo: No…Alkaid…! Don’t go!!! (Has a flashback to Shino’s death)
Haseo: I don’t want to lose any more friends… Not ever again. .
Alkaid: Haseo..
Haseo: Please…don’t go. Alkaid! I’m begging you…
Alkaid: Hey…
Shino: (In flashback) Don’t cry. Boy’s don’t cry.
Alkaid: Now don’t you cry…Boys don’t cry, do they? Stand tall…and proud…Haseo…Find Endrance…he’ll…take over…for me…
Haseo: Alkaid. You…
Alkaid: I said…don’t cry. You’re…a…strong…man…
(Alkaid vanishes)
Haseo: Ah…ah…ah…Alkaid…! Alkaaaaaaaaaaiiiiddd!!!

Ovan: Look closely, Haseo!…This is…The truth you have been searching for!!

Ovan: Become stronger, Haseo… Strong enough to destroy me!

Ovan: Burn this into your eyes!

.hack//G.U. Vol. 3//Redemption (Tentative quotes)
Haseo: I have realized that everything that’s happened… is because of me.

Haseo: I am…
Atoli: …and I’m…
Kuhn: …and I’m…
Endrance: …and I’m…
All: …right here…!!!
All: Skeiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiith!

Haseo(Speaking to Skeith): I’m not leaving anyone behind… Even you.

Ovan: With this, it all comes together.

Haseo: It isn’t anything like when I went after Tri-Edge all by myself. I’ve got friends to stand by me….. thanks. Thanks, everyone. I’ll do this with his memory in my hand and his will in my heart.

Haseo: This is it! We’re putting an end to it all! Let’s go!

Ovan: Shall we go, now? Haseo
Haseo: Yeah… Of course.

Haseo: All of the feelings I’ve carved deep into “The World”…are going into this ONE ATTACK!

Ovan: One ending, you know, is really a new beginning. We’re not done; our journey will still continue. Don’t you think that’s true?

Shino: Haseo.
Haseo: Shino…
Shino: I have been watching… so, be honest with yourself..(Haseo ran out of the cathedral to cheer Atoli up since Atoli ran away because she saw Haseo with Shino)…You’re watching too right? Ovan?

Kimia dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian iaitu:
1- kimia organik
2- kimia tak organik
3- kimia fizik
4- kimia analisis
5- biokimia
6- kimia koordinatan
7- kimia pengkomputan
Pelbagai bahagian baru seperti neurokimia telah wujud kebelakangan ini.

Kimia moden berkembang daripada ilmu alkimia semasa revolusi kimia 1773.

//

[sunting] Sejarah Kimia

Perkataan kimia berasal daripada perkataan Arab ‘al-kimiya’.Orang Yunani ialah bangsa pertama yang cuba menjelaskan mengapa berlaku perubahan kimia terjadi. Mereka telah mengemukakan suatu teori bahawa semua bahan terdiri daripada empat unsur asas iaitu api, air, tanah, dan udara 2400 tahun dahulu kala.

Keempat-empat unsur asas ini dipercayai saling berkaitan dan mempunyai ciri-ciri tertentu seperti sejuk, panas, kering, dan lembap. Teori ini dikemukakan kerana keempat-empat unsur itu amat penting dalam kehidupan seharian mereka pada masa itu.

Pada masa yang sama, orang-orang Mesir ketika itu, telah mengetahui cara-cara pengekstrakan logam-logam seperti emas, perak, besi, tembaga, dan timah. Istilah kimia juga berasal dari Mesir yang bermaksud tanah hitam dari Sungai Nil dalam bahasa Arab.

Asas kimia moden bermula pada abad ke-16 dengan perkembangan ilmu metalurgi ialitu pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya yang dilakukan oleh seorang berbangsa Jerman iaitu George Bauer, serta penggunaan mineral dalam ilmu perubatan oleh seorang yang berbangsa Switzerland iaitu bernama Paracelsus.

Robert Boyle(1627 – 1691) seorang ahli sains Inggeris dianggap sebagai pengasas kimia moden. Beliaulah orang yang pertama yang menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesahan sesuatu pendapat yang dikemukan. Robert Boyle menghasilkan buku ‘The Sceptical Chymist’. Buku ini menerangkan sifat-sifat berlainan bagi unsur, sebatian, dan campuran dengan jelas.

Kimia merupakan satu cabang ilmu sains yang mengkaji bahan yang terdapat di dalam alam semesta serta perubahan yang berlaku ke atas bahan ini apabila berinteraksi antara satu sama lain. Perubahan-perubahan ini boleh dilihat dari segi tenaga, jisim, warna, dan sebagainya.

Oleh itu, ilmu kimia amat luas, daripada mengkaji zarah-zarah asas dalam sesuatu bahan hingga bagaimana bahan ini bertindak balas menghasilkan bahan yang baru. Ilmu kimia sering dianggap sebagai ‘sains pusat’ kerana kedudukannya yang unik dan bertindih dengan banyak cabang sains yang lain.

[sunting] Kepentingan Kimia

Memandangkan bahan kimia begitu mempengaruhi kehidupan kita, maka bidang kimia sudah pasti menjadi satu bidang kerjaya yang amat penting. Ahli kimia diperlukan dalam bidang pemakanan, perubatan, pertanian, serta dalam industri pembuatan.

Tanpa disedari atau sebaliknya, bahan kimia digunakan secara meluas dalam kehidupan seharian. Pakaian sutera atau kapas mahupun jaket nilon yang kita pakai semuanya dibuat daripada bahan kimia.

Bahan makanan kita juga terdiri daripada bahan kimia. Bahan kimia seperti glukosa dan sukrosa membekalkan tenaga kepada kita.

Industri kimia kian berkembang maju di Malaysia. Dalam pengeluaran minyak dan petrol, Malaysia merupakan Negara yang tersenarai sebagai Negara yang menjadi pengeluar utama di dunia.

Kegunaan bahan kimia akan terus meningkat dan manusia akan sentiasa memerlukan bahan baru. Di sinilah kimia memainkan peranan untuk menghasilkan benda baru.

[sunting] Asas

Teori atom adalah asas kimia. Teori tersebut menyatakan bahawa semua jisim terbentuk daripada unit-unit kecil yang dikenali sebagai atom. Salah satu dari Hukum pertama dijumpai yang menjurus kepada penubuhan Kimia sebagai sains adalah Hukum Keabadian Jisim. Hukum itu menegaskan bahawa tidak terdapat perubahan yang boleh dikesan dalam kuantiti jisim ketika tindak balas kimia biasa berlaku. Fizik Moden sekarang menjelaskan bahawa atom dan tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan dalam satu tindak balas kimia. Secara kasarnya sekiranya kita bermula dengan 1001 atom dan melakukan banyak tindak balas kimia, kita masih berakhir dengan 1001 atom. Walaupun kita memulakan dengan sesuatu yang hijau dan berlendir dan berakhir dengan sesuatu yang keras dan hitam jumlah atom akan masih kekal.

Jisim juga sama sekiranya kita mengambil kira tenaga dibebaskan atau ditambah diambil kira. Ahli kimia mengkaji interaksi atom ini secara individual dan kadang kala dengan sebatian atom lain untuk membentuk ion dan molekul. Atom-atam ini bergabung dengan atom lain (contoh kayu terbakar adalah gabungan oksigen dari udara dengan atom karbon dan hidrogen dalam kayu dan mereka juga berinteraksi dengan cahaya (gambar terbentuk akibat perubahan kimia di atas filem yang disebabkan oleh cahaya) dan radiasi lain. Salah satu jumpaan awal yang menakjubkan adalah atom-atom ini sentiasa bergabung dalam nisbah sekata: struktur pasir silika mempunyai ratio atom silika dengan oksigen pada 1 : 2. Kita sekarang mengetahui bahasa terdapat pengecualian kepada Hukum “Law of Definite Proportions ” (litar sepadu “integrated circuits ” adalah contoh yang baik.)

Satu lagi penemuan yang penting dalam kimia adalah apabila perubahan berlaku, jumlah tenaga yang terhasil atau hilang sentiasa sama. Ini mendorong kepada konsep penting pada keseimbangan, thermodinamik, dan kinetik. Teori paling menarik yang menggambarkan semua kimia adalah Kuantum Mekanik. “Quantum Mechanics”. Teori ini kompleks, susah difahami, dan sukar dimahiri. Kerap konsep yang lebih mudah digunakan untuk menjangka keputusan percubaan. Konsep ini (kimia asid/bes / acid/base chemistry) terhad skopnya tetapi lebih mudah difahami dan dipakai. Pelajar kolej biasanya mempelajari kimia dalam bidang berikut : Kimia Analisis, Kimia Fizik, Kimia Organik, Kimia Takorganik, Kimia Polimer, dan Biokimia. Sering kali penemuan kimia dibuat oleh pakar fizik, biologi, jurutera kimia atau farmasi.

• Kaedah saintifik
• Unis asas SI
• Atom
• Orbital
• Jadual berkala unsur kimia
• Isomer
• Alotrop
• Isotop
• Ion
• Konfigurasi elektron

[sunting] Kimia dan interaksi

• Nama sistematik
• Formula kimia
  • Formula empirik
  • Formula molekul
• Ikatan kimia
• Polariti kimia
• Persamaan kimia
• Tindak balas kimia
• Kimia warna

[sunting] Kimia Kuantitif

• unit mol
• Stoikiometri
• Termokimia
• Hukum Hess
• Kalorimetri

[sunting] Bentuk Jisim

• Teori kinetik gas
• Larutan
• Kepekatan larutan
• Kelarutan

[sunting] Asid dan Bes

• Teori tindak balas Asid-bes
• Asid kuat
• Asid lemah
• pH dan kekuatan asid
• Pengionan Air
• Penimbal
• Tindak balas Redoks

[sunting] Kinetik dan Termodinamik

• Kimia kinetik
• Kimia Nuklear
• Biokimia

[sunting] Sejarah kimia

• Alkimia
• Penemuan unsur kimia
• Garis masa penemuan unsur kimia
• Hadiah Nobel untuk kimia

[sunting] Lihat juga

• Tajuk asas kimia
• Pakar kimia dan senarai pakar kimia
• Kejuruteraan kimia
• elektrolisis

[sunting] Pautan luar

• Jabatan Kimia Malaysia

(I miss you miss you)
Hello there the angel from my nightmare
The shadow in backround of the morgue
The unsespecting victim of darkness in the valley
We can live like Jack and Sally if we want
Where you can always find me
And we’ll have Halloween on Christmas
And in the night we’ll wish this never ends
We’ll wish this never end

Where are you and I’m so sorry
I cannot sleep I cannot dream tonight
I need somebody and always
This sick strange darkness comes creeping on so haunting everytime
And as I stared I counted the webs from all the spiders
catching things and eating their insides
Like indecision to call you
And hear your voice of treason
Will you come home and stop this pain tonight
stop this pain tonight

Don’t waste your time on me your already the voice inside my head(6x)

I miss you miss you(6x)

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